A Cryptographic Compendium

Contents

Introduction

1. Paper and Pencil Systems
   • Cryptanalyzing the Simple Substitution Cipher
   • Methods of Transposition
   • Improving Substitution
     • Homophones and Nomenclators
     • Polygraphic Ciphers and Fractionation
       • Playfair and its Relatives
       • The Bifid, the Trifid, and the Straddling Checkerboard
       • Fractionated Morse, and Other Oddities
       • The VIC Cipher
       • Two Trigraphic Ciphers, and a Heptagraphic One
     • Polyalphabetic Substitution
   • Code Books
   • Fun With Playing Cards
   • Conclusions
2. Electrical and Mechanical Cipher Machines
   • Early Machine Ciphers
     • The Bazeries Cylinder
     • The Kryha Cryptograph
     • The Hill Cipher
     • The RED Machine
     • The Reihenschieber
     • The A-22 Cryptograph
   • The Hagelin lug and pin machines
     • Simple Cryptanalysis of the Basic Lug and Pin Machine
   • Rotor Machines - and their PURPLE cousins
     • Rotor Machine Basics
     • The Interval Method
     • Isomorphs
     • PURPLE, CORAL, and JADE
   • The Enigma: a unique rotor machine
     • Basic Principles of the Enigma
     • The Uhr Box
     • The Enigma A and Enigma B
     • Relatives of the Enigma
     • Cryptanalysis of the Enigma
       • Cliques on the Rods
       • Indicators and Jefferys Sheets
       • The Bombe and the Diagonal Board
   • An American Achievement: SIGABA, the ultimate rotor machine
   • Miscellaneous Machine Ciphers
     • The Hagelin B-211
     • Sweden's HC-9
     • LACIDA
   • Conclusions for Chapter II
     • Fantastic Rotor Machines
     • Child's Play
     • Irregular Rotor Movement
3. Telecipher Machines
   • The Lorenz Schlusselzusatz
   • The Siemens Geheimschreiber T-52
   • The Swedish SA-1
   • An American patent
   • Converter M-228
   • Rockex
   • The Hagelin TC-52
   • The Gretag TC-53
   • Conclusions
4. The Computer Era
   • LUCIFER
   • The Data Encryption Standard
     • Details of DES
     • Variations of DES
   • Other Block Ciphers
     • And Now For Something Completely Different: SAFER
     • Something Not Quite As Different: IDEA
     • Formerly Secret: SKIPJACK
     • Blowfish
     • ICE
     • The Johnson Algorithm
     • 3-Way
     • MISTY
     • Some Cell Phone Block Ciphers
   • Towards the 128-bit era: AES Candidates
     • The Advanced Encryption Standard (Rijndael)
     • Twofish (finalist)
     • SERPENT (finalist)
     • RC6 (finalist)
     • DEAL
     • MARS (finalist)
     • SAFER+
     • FROG
     • LOKI-97
     • CAST-256
     • Magenta
     • DFC
   • Cryptanalytic Methods for Modern Ciphers
     • Differential and Linear Cryptanalysis
       • Extensions of Differential Cryptanalysis
       • The Boomerang Attack
       • Questions of S-Box Design
       • Quadratic Cryptanalysis
     • Cryptanalysis, Almost by Aimlessly Thrashing About
     • Hidden Markov Methods
   • Block Cipher Modes
     • Basic Block Cipher Modes
     • Enlarging the Key or the Block
     • Protecting Message Integrity
     • Is Integrity-Aware Encryption Difficult?
     • Decorrelated Accumulating Counter Mode
     • Double Counter Double Checksum Mode
   • My Own Humble Contribution: QUADIBLOC
     • Description of QUADIBLOC
       • Euler's Constant and the QUADIBLOC S-boxes
     • Variants with different key sizes
     • The QUADIBLOC FAQ
     • Key Augmentation
     • Quadibloc II
     • Quadibloc III
     • Quadibloc IV
     • Quadibloc V
     • Quadibloc VI
     • Quadibloc S
     • Quadibloc VII
     • Quadibloc VIII
       • The Standard Rounds
       • The Mixing and Whitening Phase
       • The Key Schedule
       • The Rationale of the Design
     • Quadibloc IX
     • Quadibloc X
     • Quadibloc XI
     • Quadibloc XII
     • Quadibloc 2002
     • Quadibloc 2002A
     • Quadibloc 2002B
     • Quadibloc 2002C
     • Quadibloc 2002D
     • Quadibloc 2002E
       • The Standard Rounds
       • Core Rounds: The Left Half of the Block
       • Core Rounds: The f-function
       • Core Rounds: The Combiner
       • Cipher Overview
       • Key Schedule and Deciphering
       • Variants
         • Quadibloc 2002E DC and SR
         • Quadibloc 2002E W, WS, WD, and SD
         • Quadibloc 2002E U and WU
         • Quadibloc 2002E RA, RC, and RR
         • Quadibloc 2002E ES, RE, RS, RO and WR
         • Quadibloc 2002EA
     • Quadibloc XIX
     • Quadibloc 20
     • Quadibloc 21
     • Quadibloc 22
     • Quadibloc 23
     • Quadibloc 24
   • Stream Ciphers
     • Shift-Register Stream Ciphers
       • An Illustrative Example
       • Other Constructions
       • More Realistic Examples
       • The Mersenne Twister
       • The KW-7
     • Other Stream Ciphers
       • Panama
     • A Note on the Importance of Galois Fields
   • Conclusions for Chapter IV
     • Modified Panama
     • Mishmash
     • Combining Two Unrelated Block Ciphers
     • A Base-Conversion Block Cipher and Other Concepts
     • The Large-Key Brainstorm
     • The Inner Structure of the Feistel Round
5. Public-Key Cryptography
   • Modulus Arithmetic
   • The Rivest-Shamir-Adleman (RSA) method
     • Looking for Primes
     • Finding d from e
     • Large Number Exponentiation
     • Factoring
   • The Diffie-Hellman method
     • El Gamal
     • Digital Signatures Based on Diffie-Hellman
   • Other Methods
   • The Uses of Public-key Cryptography
     • Making Public-Key Cryptography Work
   • Conclusions for Chapter V
6. Miscellaneous Topics
   • Data Compression
     • The Representation of Speech
     • Semi-Arithmetic Coding
     • Character Codes
       • A Character Code for Gödel-Numbering
       • UTF-8
       • Extending ITA 2
   • Error-Correcting Codes
   • Armor, Message Termination, and Base Conversion
     • From 47 bits to 10 letters
     • Armor-Related Fractionation
     • Tying up Loose Ends
     • From 93 bits to 28 digits
     • Keystream Base Conversion
     • Message Blocking
     • Optimized Morse Armor
     • From 45 bits to a Permutation of 16 Items
     • Encrypting the Length of a Message
   • Steganography
   • One-way Hash Functions
     • Description of SHA
   • Hardware Security
     • When Somebody's Looking Over Your Shoulder
   • Key Management
     • The IBM Key Management Scheme for DES
     • Kerberos
     • Protocols and Privacy Amplification
     • Passwords and Protocols
     • Military Key Management
     • Red Thread Resistance
     • Key Escrow
     • Pass Phrases and Randomness
     • The Interlock Protocol
     • Key Distribution
   • Quantum Mechanics and Cryptography
     • Quantum Computing
     • Quantum Cryptography
   • Cryptanalysis
     • The Limits of Cryptanalysis
     • The Nature of Cryptanalysis
   • Security Without Proof
   • The Ideal Cipher
   • Cryptography for Content Protection
   • Fallacies of Cryptography and Compression
   • The Politics of Cryptography
   • Conclusions for Chapter VI

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Copyright (c) 1998, 1999 John J. G. Savard